A corporate tax is a tax imposed on the net profit of a corporation. It is taxed at the entity level in a particular jurisdiction. Net profit for corporate tax is generally the financial statement net profit with modifications and may be defined in great detail within each country's tax system. Such taxes may include income or other taxes. The tax systems of most countries impose an income tax at the entity level on certain types of entities, like companies or corporations. The rate of tax varies by jurisdiction. The tax may have an alternative base such as assets, payroll, or income computed in an alternative manner. Most countries exempt certain types of corporate events or transactions from income tax. For example, events related to the formation or reorganization of the corporation are treated as capital costs. In addition, most systems have specific rules for the taxation of the entity and/or its members upon winding up or dissolution of the entity. In systems where financing costs are allowed as reductions of the tax base, tax deductions rules may apply that differentiate between classes of member-provided financing. In such systems, items characterized as interest may be deductible, perhaps subject to limitations, while items characterized as dividends are not. Some systems limit deductions based on simple formulas, such as a debt-to-equity ratio, while other systems have more complex rules. Some systems provide a mechanism whereby groups of related corporations may obtain benefits from losses, credits, or other items of all members within the group. Mechanisms include combined or consolidated returns, as well as group relief. Direct benefit from items of another member can also be obtained. Many systems additionally tax shareholders of those entities on dividends or other distributions by the corporation. A few systems provide partial integration of entity and member...